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Abstract: 

Gender-responsive research indicates not only a continuing rise in the number of incarcerated women, but also common trends among female offenders that must be considered to adequately identify and manage their criminogenic needs. High incidences of early childhood and adult trauma, substance use, and mental illness such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are among the most frequently reported difficulties experienced by female offenders. Brown discusses the trauma linked to these conditions and provides a gender-sensitive framework to better understand how to effectively work with female ex-offenders.

Keywords: Female ex-offenders; gender

Affiliations:  1: Crossroads Day Reporting Centre, Toronto, Ontario.