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Abstract: 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)—also known as chronic obstructive lung disease, chronic obstructive airway disease, and chronic obstructive respiratory disease—refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of commonly coexisting diseases that narrow the lungs’ airways. This limits the flow of air to and from the lungs, causing shortness of breath. Unlike asthma, COPD usually worsens over time. Revised to include current best practices for the diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, this is an updated version of “Clinical Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,” originally published in Correctional Health Care Report Volume 14, Number 1 (https://www.civicresearchinstitute.com/online/article_abstract.php?pid=10&iid=581&aid=4218).

Keywords: COVID-19; sputum, squamous metaplasia, alveoli, bronchioles, smoking, pollutants, Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, anticholinergics

Affiliations:  1: Diamond Pharmacy Services.