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Abstract: 

It is essential that tobacco-control and smoking-cessation programs be integrated into correctional guidelines for prison facilities. Cigarette smokers are at risk for several types of cancer (lung, esophageal, oral, bladder, cervical, and pancreatic), for coronary heart disease and stroke, for complications of pregnancy, and for chronic obstructive lung disease. Moreover, environmental tobacco smoke increases the risk for many of these conditions in nonsmokers exposed to second-hand smoke (Surgeon General Report, 2006). Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in both men and women in the United States.

Keywords: carcinogenesis, Environmental, Female Death Rates, Death Rates, P53, K-ras

Affiliations:  1: Yale University School of Medicine.